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考研英语定语从句掌握要点

2022-02-14来源:海文考研

 

考研英语一和英语二的区别

 

 在考研英语中,定语从句是考查的重点,主要从以下几方面进行掌握:

一、定义

考研英语定语从句掌握要点

定语从句是指在句中做定语作用,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。

二、定语从句的结构

定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which,that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。

1. 限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句由关系词引导,关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语(如that, which, who, as)、宾语(如that, which, whom, as))、定语(如whose)等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词,在从句中作状语。

限制性定语从句的构成形式如下:

1)先行词(被修饰的名词、句子) +关系代词that, which, who, whom, as+主干不完整的陈述句。

He who laughs last laughs best.

【1】 He

【2】 定从:who laughs last

【3】 laughs best.

本句中,he 为先行词,who为关系代词, laughs last 主干不完整的陈述句,故who laughs lasthe进行修饰限定,视为定语从句;

2)先行词(表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词) +关系副词(when, where, why, whereby)+主干完整的陈述句。

1】 主句:It is a small village

2】 定从:where I was born.

本句中,a small village 作为被修饰的名词,视为先行词;where 作为关系副词,在定语从句where I was born中做状语,相当于 in the small villageI was born 为主干完整的陈述句。

3)先行词(表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词)+介词+which/whom” +主干完整的陈述句。

Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates into which they plug each day's events.

【1】 主句:Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates

【2】 定从:into which they plug each day's events.

本句中,先行词为a set of standard templatesinto which 后引导完整的陈述句they plug each day's events,视为定语从句;

【译文】多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界,并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。

特别注意:that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:

His father died the year(that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

2)非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

    George W. Bush Junior, whose IQ was said to be lower than 85, was elected as the American president, which surprised the world.

【1】 主句(主):George W. Bush Junior,

【2】 定从:whose IQ was said to be lower than 85,

【3】 主句(谓):was elected as the American president,

【4】 定语从句:which surprised the world.

本句中, whose 指代  George W. Bush Junior,其引导的从句与先行词分开,视为非限制性定语从句,只是的对George W. Bush Junior的补充说明,去掉之后,不影响主句的意思;which 指代主句事实本身,亦为非限制性定语从句。

3as 引导定语从句

1as引导限定性定语从句的条件

as为特殊的关系代词,如所修饰的名词前有such,  the same, as出现,后面的从句将由as引导。such, the same, as 的存在,决定了先行词使用as.

He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.

Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.

They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.

He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.

上述句子中,先行词受到 such , the same, as 的修饰,故关系代词采用as.

2)as 引导非限制性定语从句

as引导非限定性定语从句和 which相似, 往往指代一整句话as 在从句中充当成分,其先行词一般为句子。二者不同之处在于,which 引导的非限制性定语从句,不能位于句首。as 引导的定语从句,可位于句首。

As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.

【1】 定从:As is true of any developed society,

【2】 主句:in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.

 as 引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面主句的事实。

译文:正如任何发达国家一样,在美国,一套复杂的文化信号、文化假设和文化习俗构成了所有社会关系的基础。

As引导的非限制性定语从句的译文如方式状语从句一般,但在英语句子的形式上,as 后面的部分is true of any developed society为非完整句子,故仍然视为定语从句。

 

 

 

 

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