2022-02-14来源:海文考研
在考研英语中,定语从句是考查的重点,主要从以下几方面进行掌握:
一、定义
定语从句是指在句中做定语作用,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
二、定语从句的结构
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which,that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。
1. 限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句由关系词引导,关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语(如that, which, who, as等)、宾语(如that, which, whom, as等))、定语(如whose)等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词,在从句中作状语。
限制性定语从句的构成形式如下:
1)先行词(被修饰的名词、句子) +关系代词(that, which, who, whom, as)+主干不完整的陈述句。
He who laughs last laughs best.
【1】 主语:He
【2】 定从:who laughs last
【3】 谓语:laughs best.
本句中,he 为先行词,who为关系代词, laughs last 主干不完整的陈述句,故who laughs last对he进行修饰限定,视为定语从句;
2)先行词(表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词) +关系副词(when, where, why, whereby)+主干完整的陈述句。
【1】 主句:It is a small village
【2】 定从:where I was born.
本句中,a small village 作为被修饰的名词,视为先行词;where 作为关系副词,在定语从句where I was born中做状语,相当于 in the small village;I was born 为主干完整的陈述句。
3)先行词(表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词)+“介词+which/whom” +主干完整的陈述句。
Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates into which they plug each day's events.
【1】 主句:Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates
【2】 定从:into which they plug each day's events.
本句中,先行词为a set of standard templates,into which 后引导完整的陈述句they plug each day's events,视为定语从句;
【译文】多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界,并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。
特别注意:that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:
His father died the year(that / when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
2)非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
George W. Bush Junior, whose IQ was said to be lower than 85, was elected as the American president, which surprised the world.
【1】 主句(主):George W. Bush Junior,
【2】 定从:whose IQ was said to be lower than 85,
【3】 主句(谓):was elected as the American president,
【4】 定语从句:which surprised the world.
本句中, whose 指代 George W. Bush Junior,其引导的从句与先行词分开,视为非限制性定语从句,只是的对George W. Bush Junior的补充说明,去掉之后,不影响主句的意思;which 指代主句事实本身,亦为非限制性定语从句。
3)as 引导定语从句
(1)as引导限定性定语从句的条件
as为特殊的关系代词,如所修饰的名词前有such, the same, as出现,后面的从句将由as引导。such, the same, as 的存在,决定了先行词使用as.
①He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
②Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.
③They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
④He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.
上述句子中,先行词受到 such , the same, as 的修饰,故关系代词采用as.
(2)as 引导非限制性定语从句
as引导非限定性定语从句和 which相似, 往往指代一整句话,as 在从句中充当成分,其先行词一般为句子。二者不同之处在于,which 引导的非限制性定语从句,不能位于句首。as 引导的定语从句,可位于句首。
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.
【1】 定从:As is true of any developed society,
【2】 主句:in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social relationships.
as 引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面主句的事实。
译文:正如任何发达国家一样,在美国,一套复杂的文化信号、文化假设和文化习俗构成了所有社会关系的基础。
As引导的非限制性定语从句的译文如方式状语从句一般,但在英语句子的形式上,as 后面的部分is true of any developed society为非完整句子,故仍然视为定语从句。
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